References

Autism in Women and Girls
Presented May 22, 2025
The Confidence Clinician, Mental Health Fellowship

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787

Bargiela, S., Steward, R., & Mandy, W. (2016). The Experiences of Late-diagnosed Women with Autism Spectrum Conditions: An Investigation of the Female Autism Phenotype. Journal of autism and developmental disorders46(10), 3281–3294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2872-8

Bruno, G., Chan, T.A., Zwaigenbaum, L. et al. Indigenous Autism in Canada: A Scoping Review. J Autism Dev Disord 54, 3478–3491 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-06045-z

Failla, M. D., Gerdes, M. B., Williams, Z. J., Moore, D. J., & Cascio, C. J. (2020). Increased pain sensitivity and pain-related anxiety in individuals with autism. Pain reports5(6), e861. https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000000861

Halladay, A. K., Bishop, S., Constantino, J. N., Daniels, A. M., Koenig, K., Palmer, K., Messinger, D., Pelphrey, K., Sanders, S. J., Singer, A. T., Taylor, J. L., & Szatmari, P. (2015). Sex and gender differences in autism spectrum disorder: summarizing evidence gaps and identifying emerging areas of priority. Molecular autism6, 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0019-y

Hull, L., Petrides, K.V. & Mandy, W. The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review. Rev J Autism Dev Disord 7, 306–317 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9

Kassee, C., Babinski, S., Tint, A., Lunsky, Y., Brown, H. K., Ameis, S. H., Szatmari, P., Lai, M. C., & Einstein, G. (2020). Physical health of autistic girls and women: a scoping review. Molecular autism11(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00380-z

Kenny, L., Hattersley, C., Molins, B., Buckley, C., Povey, C., & Pellicano, E. (2015). Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community. Autism, 20(4), 442-462. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315588200

McCrossin R. (2022). Finding the True Number of Females with Autistic Spectrum Disorder by Estimating the Biases in Initial Recognition and Clinical Diagnosis. Children (Basel, Switzerland)9(2), 272. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020272

Moura, J. D. C., Leal, J., Cunha, J. F., Seabra, D., Torres, S., Rocha, T., … Barata, B. (2023). Autism spectrum disorders – gender differences and the diagnosis dilemma. European Psychiatry66(S1), S726–S726. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.1523

Ochoa-Lubinoff, C., Makol, B. A., & Dillon, E. F. (2023). Autism in Women. Neurologic clinics41(2), 381–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2022.10.006

Passarini, S., Guerrera, S., Picilli, M., Fucà, E., Casula, L., Menghini, D., Pirchio, S., Zanna, V., Valeri, G., & Vicari, S. (2025). The challenge of a late diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: co-occurring trajectories and camouflage tendencies. a case report of a young Autistic female with Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder. Frontiers in psychiatry15, 1447562. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1447562

Raymaker, D. M., Teo, A. R., Steckler, N. A., Lentz, B., Scharer, M., Delos Santos, A., Kapp, S. K., Hunter, M., Joyce, A., & Nicolaidis, C. (2020). “Having All of Your Internal Resources Exhausted Beyond Measure and Being Left with No Clean-Up Crew”: Defining Autistic Burnout. Autism in adulthood : challenges and management2(2), 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2019.0079

Zeidan, J., Fombonne, E., Scorah, J., Ibrahim, A., Durkin, M.S., Saxena, S., Yusuf, A., Shih, A., & Elsabbagh, M. (2022). Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update. Autism Research, 15(5), 778–790. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2696

https://cps.ca/en/autism

https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/autism-spectrum-disorder-asd/professionals.html

https://www.autismcanada.org/diagnosis

https://www.ontario.ca/page/autism-assessment-diagnosis#section-3

https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/professional-practice/autistic-burnout

https://embrace-autism.com/cat-q

https://www.ontario.ca/page/autism-assessment-diagnosis#section-3